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mmon light
16-12-2022 - 03:51 pm
السلام عليكم ورحمة اللة وبركاتة لجميع الفراشات الحلوات....
بصراحة هذي أول مشاركة لي بالمنتدى...
وطلبي من الجميع بدون إستثناء اللي تعرف وتساعدني عسى اللة يوفقها ويرضى عليها دنيا واخرة يارب؟؟؟؟
عاد أبي بحث صغير عن تا ريخ اللغة الإنجليزية.... يعني كيف بدأت ...؟؟ متى بدأت... نشأتها.. وتطورها؟؟
يعني شي من هذا القبيل... أبية بأسرع وقت...
بحدود اربع أو خمس صفحات اظنة كافي... ولكم جزيل الشكر
بصراحة هذي أول مشاركة لي بالمنتدى...
وطلبي من الجميع بدون إستثناء اللي تعرف وتساعدني عسى اللة يوفقها ويرضى عليها دنيا واخرة يارب؟؟؟؟
عاد أبي بحث صغير عن تا ريخ اللغة الإنجليزية.... يعني كيف بدأت ...؟؟ متى بدأت... نشأتها.. وتطورها؟؟
يعني شي من هذا القبيل... أبية بأسرع وقت...
بحدود اربع أو خمس صفحات اظنة كافي... ولكم جزيل الشكر
التعليقات (7)
أختي لألى مشكورة وأشكرك من كل قلبي على ردك وإهتمامك بالموضوع... عسى اللة يسعدك ويوفقك يارب دنيا واخرة بانتظر الباقي بس ياليت لو تعجلي لأني أبية قبل يوم الأربعاء ضروري...
ومرة ثانية أشكرك ....
ومرة ثانية أشكرك ....
You are very welcomed sisiter
The History of The English Language
===============================
PART 2
======
Other points worth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late
tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with
th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several
aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours
Subject and verb are inverted after an adverb—þa cwæð he "Then said he"—a
phenomenon not unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs
such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or
have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a
preposition may precede it in a way no longer natural: þe hi of comon "which they
from came," for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað "because they angels' beauty have."
Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English
reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which
we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the
" definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number: ðære ðeode "
"(of) the people" is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle "Angles" is masculine
accusative, and plural, and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative, and plural.
The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than
ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix characteristic of
plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four
subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense), and
several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English
retains a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended
in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd "answered" above).
The History of The English Language
===============================
PART 2
======
Other points worth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late
tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with
th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several
aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours
Subject and verb are inverted after an adverb—þa cwæð he "Then said he"—a
phenomenon not unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs
such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or
have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a
preposition may precede it in a way no longer natural: þe hi of comon "which they
from came," for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað "because they angels' beauty have."
Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English
reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which
we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the
" definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number: ðære ðeode "
"(of) the people" is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle "Angles" is masculine
accusative, and plural, and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative, and plural.
The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than
ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix characteristic of
plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four
subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense), and
several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English
retains a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended
in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd "answered" above).
The History of The English Language
===============================
PART 3
=======
The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the
lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the
reduction of others (often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e) accelerated, and
many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the
period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfric's prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn
from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction
in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and
English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is inhabited by "full yuele
folk and full cruell."
In þat lond ben trees þat beren wolle, as þogh
it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes
and all þing þat may ben made of wolle. In þat
contree ben many ipotaynes, þat dwellen som
tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond:
and þei ben half man and half hors, as I haue
seyd before; and þei eten men, whan þei may
take hem. And þere ben ryueres and watres þat
ben fulle byttere, þree sithes more þan is the
water of the see. In þat contré ben many
griffounes, more plentee þan in ony other
contree. Sum men seyn þat þei han the body
vpward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun:
and treuly þei seyn soth þat þei ben of þat
schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret,
and is more strong, þanne eight lyouns, of
suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret
and strongere þan an hundred egles, suche as
we han amonges vs. For o griffoun þere wil
bere fleynge to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may
fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked
togidere, as þei gon at the plowgh.
The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within
these few sentences (contré and contree, o
and a
, þanne
and contree, o
and a
, þanne and þan, for example). Moreover
in the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh
to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as
equivalent to y. Even the older spellings (including those where u stands for v or
or vice versa) are recognizable, however, and there are only a few words
like ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have dropped out of the language altogether.
We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common
such as byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and at the poynt "to
hand," and the effect of the centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary
is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's
writing even if his subject had allowed them, words
like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun
In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though we notice
constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more þan is
the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still
receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while
nominative þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third person plural, the
form for objects is still hem.
All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs
has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer
to Modern than to Old English.
===============================
PART 3
=======
The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the
lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the
reduction of others (often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e) accelerated, and
many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the
period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfric's prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn
from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction
in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and
English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is inhabited by "full yuele
folk and full cruell."
In þat lond ben trees þat beren wolle, as þogh
it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes
and all þing þat may ben made of wolle. In þat
contree ben many ipotaynes, þat dwellen som
tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond:
and þei ben half man and half hors, as I haue
seyd before; and þei eten men, whan þei may
take hem. And þere ben ryueres and watres þat
ben fulle byttere, þree sithes more þan is the
water of the see. In þat contré ben many
griffounes, more plentee þan in ony other
contree. Sum men seyn þat þei han the body
vpward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun:
and treuly þei seyn soth þat þei ben of þat
schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret,
and is more strong, þanne eight lyouns, of
suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret
and strongere þan an hundred egles, suche as
we han amonges vs. For o griffoun þere wil
bere fleynge to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may
fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked
togidere, as þei gon at the plowgh.
The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within
these few sentences (contré and contree, o
and a
, þanne
and contree, o
and a
, þanne and þan, for example). Moreover
in the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh
to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as
equivalent to y. Even the older spellings (including those where u stands for v or
or vice versa) are recognizable, however, and there are only a few words
like ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have dropped out of the language altogether.
We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common
such as byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and at the poynt "to
hand," and the effect of the centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary
is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's
writing even if his subject had allowed them, words
like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun
In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though we notice
constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more þan is
the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still
receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while
nominative þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third person plural, the
form for objects is still hem.
All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs
has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer
to Modern than to Old English.
PART 4
======
The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day
The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in the
phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something
approximating their present pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded
even less familiar to us than it looks.)
Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of
the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin and, to a
lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later, as English came into contact with other
cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the
many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made
small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.
The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three
stages of development just under consideration. English has what might be
called a prehistory as well. As we have seen, our language did not simply
spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who
had no form of writing and hence left no records. Philologists know that they
must have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West Germanic
and that other dialects of this unknown language must have included
the ancestors of such languages as German, Dutch, Low German, and Frisian
They know this because of certain systematic similarities which these languages
share with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However, they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was like in its lexicon
phonology, grammar, and semantics as best they can through sophisticated
techniques of comparison developed chiefly during the last century.
Similarly, because ancient and modern languages like Old Norse and Gothic or
Icelandic and Norwegian have points in common with Old English and Old High
German or Dutch and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it is
clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that can be called simply
Germanic and that must be reconstructed in the same way. Still earlier
Germanic was just a dialect (the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were
three other such dialects) of a language conventionally designated Indo-****pean
and thus English is just one relatively young member of an ancient family of
languages whose descendants cover a fair portion of the globe.
================
THE END
======
The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day
The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in the
phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something
approximating their present pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded
even less familiar to us than it looks.)
Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of
the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin and, to a
lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later, as English came into contact with other
cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the
many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made
small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.
The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three
stages of development just under consideration. English has what might be
called a prehistory as well. As we have seen, our language did not simply
spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who
had no form of writing and hence left no records. Philologists know that they
must have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West Germanic
and that other dialects of this unknown language must have included
the ancestors of such languages as German, Dutch, Low German, and Frisian
They know this because of certain systematic similarities which these languages
share with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However, they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was like in its lexicon
phonology, grammar, and semantics as best they can through sophisticated
techniques of comparison developed chiefly during the last century.
Similarly, because ancient and modern languages like Old Norse and Gothic or
Icelandic and Norwegian have points in common with Old English and Old High
German or Dutch and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it is
clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that can be called simply
Germanic and that must be reconstructed in the same way. Still earlier
Germanic was just a dialect (the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were
three other such dialects) of a language conventionally designated Indo-****pean
and thus English is just one relatively young member of an ancient family of
languages whose descendants cover a fair portion of the globe.
================
THE END
بصراحة عاجز لساني عن شكرك... بس ما بيدي غير إني أدعيلك
أشكرك.. أشكرك..أشكرك من أعماق قلبي...
جزاك اللة الف خير... وبصراحة فرحت يوم شفت الرد منك...لأني كنت فاقدة الأمل إني بلقى رد على الموضوع...
عسى اللة يحفظك ويوفقك دنيا واخرة...
أشكرك.. أشكرك..أشكرك من أعماق قلبي...
جزاك اللة الف خير... وبصراحة فرحت يوم شفت الرد منك...لأني كنت فاقدة الأمل إني بلقى رد على الموضوع...
عسى اللة يحفظك ويوفقك دنيا واخرة...
ممكن شوي حبوبات→
Here it is
The History of The English Language
===========================
What are the origins of the English Language?
======================================
The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly
divided into three periods usually called Old English (or Anglo-Saxon
Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the
migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain
in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from
before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century
or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders)
and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman
Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and
the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old
English had begun to break down.
The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:
Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe hi
of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi Angle
genemnode wæron. Þa cwæð he, "Rihtlice hi
sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi engla wlite
habbað, and swilcum gedafenað þæt hi on
heofonum engla geferan beon."
A few of these words will be recognized as identical in spelling with their modern equivalents—he, of, him, for, and, on—and the resemblance of a few others to familiar words may be guessed—nama to name, comon to come, wære to were, wæs to was—but only those who have made a special study of Old English will be able to read the passage with understanding. The sense of it is as follows:
Again he
asked what might be the
name of the people from which they came. It
was answered to him that they were named
Angles. Then he said, "Rightly are they called
Angles because they have the beauty of
angels, and it is fitting that such as they should
be angels' companions in heaven."
Some of the words in the original have survived in altered form, including axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels), habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon (be). Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly without a trace, including several that were quite common words in Old English: eft "again," ðeode "people, nation," cwæð "said, spoke," gehatene "called, named," wlite "appearance, beauty," and geferan "companions." Recognition of some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two special characters, þ, called "thorn," and ð, called "edh," which served in Old English to represent the sounds now spelled with th.
===============
TO BE CONTINUED..... البقية تأتي باذن الله تعالى