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Breastfeeding is feeding an infant or young child with breast milk directly from human breasts and not from a baby bottle or other container. Babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk. Most mothers can nourish their infant (or infants in the case of twins and multiple births) by breastfeeding for the first six months or more, without the supplement of infant formula milk or solid food.
Human breast milk is the best source of nourishment for human infants,
preventing disease, promoting health and reducing health care costs
(though there are exceptions such as when the mother is taking some drugs or is infected with tuberculosis or HIV ). Experts disagree about how long to breastfeed to gain the greatest benefit, and about the risks of using artificial formulas.
In both developing and developed countries , artificial feeding is associated with more deaths from diarrhoea in infants.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and then breastfeeding up to two years or more. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the infant's life and at least one year of breastfeeding in total. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life "provides continuing protection against diarrhea and respiratory tract infection" that is more common in babies fed formula.
The WHO
and AAP
both stress the value of breastfeeding for mothers and children. While recognizing the superiority of breastfeeding, regulating authorities work to make artificial feeding safer when it is used.
According to a WHO 2001 report,
alternatives to breastfeeding include:

• expressed breast milk from an infant’s own mother


• breast milk from a healthy wet-nurse or a human-milk bank


• a breast-milk substitute fed with a cup, which is a safer method than a feeding bottle and teat .

The acceptability of breastfeeding in public varies by culture and country. In Western culture , though most approve of breastfeeding, some mothers may be reluctant to do so out of fear of public opinion

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