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Modernist poetry
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Modernist poetry refers to poetry written between 1890 and 1930 in the tradition of modernist literature ; the dates of the term depend upon a number of factors, including the nation of origin, the particular school in question, and the biases of the critic setting the dates. It is usually said to have begun with the French Symbolist movement. Through much of the post- renaissance , poetry in the major ****pean languages had focused on development of large scale prosodic structure, reference and ornament, in a tradition that was seen as stretching back to the works of Dante Alighieri and Petrarch . By the 19th century a large range of established forms and norms had been established in French, English, German, Italian, Spanish and Russian, and these norms were the standard against which new works were judged.
Modernist poetry in English
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Modernist poetry is a mode of writing that is characterized by two main features. The first is technical innovation in the writing through the extensive use of free verse . The second is a move away from the Romantic idea of an unproblematic poetic 'self' directly addressing an equally unproblematic ideal reader or audience.
Modernist poetry in English is generally considered to have emerged in the early years of the 20th century with the appearance of the Imagist poets . In common with many other modernists, these poets were writing in reaction to what they saw as the excesses of Victorian poetry , with its emphasis on traditional formalism and overly flowery poetic diction . In many respects, their criticism of contemporary poetry echoes what William Wordsworth wrote in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads to instigate the Romantic movement in British poetry over a century earlier.
In general, the modernists saw themselves as looking back to the best practices of poets in earlier periods and other cultures. Their models included ancient Greek literature , Chinese and Japanese poetry , the troubadours , Dante and the medieval Italian philosophical poets (such as Guido Cavalcanti ), and the English Metaphysical poets .
Much of the early poetry produced by these writers took the form of short, compact lyrics . However, as modernist poetry in English developed, longer poems came to the fore. These long poems represent the main contribution of the modernist movement to the 20th century English poetic canon.
Modernist poetry
The questioning of the self and the exploration of technical innovations in modernist poetry are intimately interconnected. The dislocation of the authorial presence is achieved through the application of such techniques as collage , found poetry , visual poetry , the juxtaposition of apparently unconnected materials, and combinations of these. These techniques are used not for their own sake but to open up questions in the mind of the reader regarding the nature of the poetic experience. These developments parallel changes in the other arts, especially painting and music , that were taking place concurrently.
Another important feature of much modernist poetry in English is a clear focus on the surface of the poem. Much of this work focuses on the literal meaning of the words on the page rather than any metaphorical or symbolic meanings that might be imputed to them. This approach to writing is reflected in Ezra Pound 's advice to young writers (in his 1937 book The ABC of Reading ) to 'buy a dictionary and learn the meanings of words' and T.S. Eliot 's response when asked the meaning of the line 'Lady, three white leopards sat under a juniper tree in the cool of the day...' from Ash Wednesday (1927); he said "It means 'Lady, three white leopards sat under a juniper tree in the cool of the day...'". Also pertinent is William Carlos Williams ' 1944 statement that 'A poem is a small (or large) machine made out of words'.

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