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Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
Abdul Aziz Al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1876
– November 9 , 1953 ) ( Arabic : عبدالعزيز آل سعود) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia . His full name was Abdul Aziz Ibn Abdur Rahman Al Saud
. In the West, he was referred to as ibn Saud
.
He was born in Riyadh into the House of Su' d (commonly transliterated Saud), which had followed the Wahhabi movement of Islam since the 18th century and had historically maintained dominion over the interior highlands of Arabia known as the Nejd (see First Saudi State and Second Saudi State ). Beginning with the reconquest of his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, Ibn Saud consolidated his control over the Nejd in 1922, conquered the Hejaz in 1925. The nation was founded and unified as Saudi Arabia in 1902. His later reign saw the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and the beginning of large-scale exploitation of that resource after World War II.
Ibn Saud was the father of some 50 to 60 children, including all kings of Saudi Arabia that have ruled after him
Loss and reclamation of power
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud Al- was born in Riyadh in central Arabia in 1876. In 1890 Ibn Saud followed his family into exile in Kuwait following the conquest of the family's lands by the rival dynasty of Al Rashid . He spent the remainder of his childhood in Kuwait. Abd al-Rahman had a stipend from the Turkish government of 60 Turkish pounds a month and Abdul Aziz went on several profitable raids in Nejd as he grew to adulthood. He attended the daily majlis of the emir of Kuwait, Mubarak Al-Sabah , from whom he learned much about the world. However, the family's home in Kuwait was one of the simplest and cramped by five sons and at least one daughter.
In the Spring of 1901, Ibn Saud and some relatives — including a half-brother, Mohammed, and several cousins — set out on a raiding expedition targeting for the most part tribes associated with the Rashidis. As booty was abundant,with many camels stolen, the raiding party grew to around 200 as tribesmen loyal to the Sauds joined the party. In the Fall, with Ramadan approaching, the group, reduced in number by defections, holed up in the Jabrin Oasis . It may have been only then that Ibn Saud decided to attack Riyadh and regain his family's heritage. On the night of January 15 , 1902 , together with a party of some sixty, including seven relatives and some slaves, he recaptured Riyadh with only twenty; the rest were guarding the camels in an isolated oasis. They had been told to escape if the venture failed. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan , was killed as he fled the attack by Ibn Saud in front of the fort gate. Ibn Saud was considered a "magnetic" leader, and following the capture of Riyadh many former supporters of the House of Saud once again rallied to his support.
In the two years following his dramatic seizure of Riyadh, Ibn Saud recaptured almost half of Nejd from the Rashidis. In 1904, however, Ibn Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for assistance in defeating the House of Saud. The Ottomans sent troops to Arabia, setting Ibn Saud on the defensive. The armies of the House of Saud suffered a major defeat on June 15 , 1904 , but his forces soon regrouped and returned to the offensive as the Turkish troops left the country due to supply problems.
Ibn Saud finally consolidated control over the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912 with the help of an organized and well-trained army. In that year he founded the Ikhwan , a militant religious organization which was to assist in his later conquests. More broadly, he revived his dynasty's traditional alliance with the Wahhabi ulema ("scholars"). In the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to settle the nomadic pastoralist bedouins into colonies, and to dismantle their tribal organizations in favor of allegiance to the Ikhwan. During World War I the British government attempted to cultivate favor with Ibn Saud via its political agent, Captain William Shakespear , but this was abandoned after Shakespear's death at the Battle of Jarrab . Instead, the British transferred support to Ibn Saud's rival Sharif Hussein bin Ali , leader of the Hejaz , with whom the Saudis were almost constantly at war. Despite this, the British entered into a treaty in December 1915 (the " Treaty of Darin ") which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate. In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.
Ibn Saud did not, however, immediately make war against Ibn Rashid, despite a steady supply of weapons and cash (£5,000 Sterling per month) from the British. He argued that the payment he received was insufficient to adequately wage war against an enemy as powerful as Ibn Rashid . In 1920, however, Ibn Saud finally marched again against the Rashidis, extinguishing their dominion in 1922. The defeat of the Rashidis doubled the territory of the Ibn Saud, and he was able to negotiate a new treaty with the British at Uqair in 1922, in which Britain recognized many of his territorial gains while in exchange Ibn Saud agreed not to attempt to expand his state's borders into British protectorates on the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. British subsidies continued until 1924.
In 1925 the Sauds captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein bin Ali , ending 700 years of Hashemite tutelage of the Islamic holy places. On 10 January 1926 , Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the Hejaz in the Great Mosque at Mecca . On May 20 , 1927 , following the defeat of Hussein, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah , which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Najd, covering much of what is today Saudi Arabia, with the Al Saud as its rulers. At this point, Ibn Saud changed his title from Sultan of Nejd to King of Nejd. Initially the two parts of his dominion (Nejd in the east and Hejaz in the west) were administered separately.
From 1927 to 1932 Ibn Saud continued to consolidate power throughout the Arabian Peninsula . In March 1929 he defeated elements of the Ikhwan , which had disobeyed his orders to cease raiding and had invaded Iraq against his wishes, at the Battle of Sbilla . In 1932, having conquered most of the Peninsula, Ibn Saud renamed his dominions "Saudi Arabia" and proclaimed himself "King of Saudi Arabia
Abdul Aziz Al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1876
– November 9 , 1953 ) ( Arabic : عبدالعزيز آل سعود) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia . His full name was Abdul Aziz Ibn Abdur Rahman Al Saud
. In the West, he was referred to as ibn Saud
.
He was born in Riyadh into the House of Su' d (commonly transliterated Saud), which had followed the Wahhabi movement of Islam since the 18th century and had historically maintained dominion over the interior highlands of Arabia known as the Nejd (see First Saudi State and Second Saudi State ). Beginning with the reconquest of his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, Ibn Saud consolidated his control over the Nejd in 1922, conquered the Hejaz in 1925. The nation was founded and unified as Saudi Arabia in 1902. His later reign saw the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and the beginning of large-scale exploitation of that resource after World War II.
Ibn Saud was the father of some 50 to 60 children, including all kings of Saudi Arabia that have ruled after him
Loss and reclamation of power
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud Al- was born in Riyadh in central Arabia in 1876. In 1890 Ibn Saud followed his family into exile in Kuwait following the conquest of the family's lands by the rival dynasty of Al Rashid . He spent the remainder of his childhood in Kuwait. Abd al-Rahman had a stipend from the Turkish government of 60 Turkish pounds a month and Abdul Aziz went on several profitable raids in Nejd as he grew to adulthood. He attended the daily majlis of the emir of Kuwait, Mubarak Al-Sabah , from whom he learned much about the world. However, the family's home in Kuwait was one of the simplest and cramped by five sons and at least one daughter.
In the Spring of 1901, Ibn Saud and some relatives — including a half-brother, Mohammed, and several cousins — set out on a raiding expedition targeting for the most part tribes associated with the Rashidis. As booty was abundant,with many camels stolen, the raiding party grew to around 200 as tribesmen loyal to the Sauds joined the party. In the Fall, with Ramadan approaching, the group, reduced in number by defections, holed up in the Jabrin Oasis . It may have been only then that Ibn Saud decided to attack Riyadh and regain his family's heritage. On the night of January 15 , 1902 , together with a party of some sixty, including seven relatives and some slaves, he recaptured Riyadh with only twenty; the rest were guarding the camels in an isolated oasis. They had been told to escape if the venture failed. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan , was killed as he fled the attack by Ibn Saud in front of the fort gate. Ibn Saud was considered a "magnetic" leader, and following the capture of Riyadh many former supporters of the House of Saud once again rallied to his support.
In the two years following his dramatic seizure of Riyadh, Ibn Saud recaptured almost half of Nejd from the Rashidis. In 1904, however, Ibn Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for assistance in defeating the House of Saud. The Ottomans sent troops to Arabia, setting Ibn Saud on the defensive. The armies of the House of Saud suffered a major defeat on June 15 , 1904 , but his forces soon regrouped and returned to the offensive as the Turkish troops left the country due to supply problems.
Ibn Saud finally consolidated control over the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912 with the help of an organized and well-trained army. In that year he founded the Ikhwan , a militant religious organization which was to assist in his later conquests. More broadly, he revived his dynasty's traditional alliance with the Wahhabi ulema ("scholars"). In the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to settle the nomadic pastoralist bedouins into colonies, and to dismantle their tribal organizations in favor of allegiance to the Ikhwan. During World War I the British government attempted to cultivate favor with Ibn Saud via its political agent, Captain William Shakespear , but this was abandoned after Shakespear's death at the Battle of Jarrab . Instead, the British transferred support to Ibn Saud's rival Sharif Hussein bin Ali , leader of the Hejaz , with whom the Saudis were almost constantly at war. Despite this, the British entered into a treaty in December 1915 (the " Treaty of Darin ") which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate. In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.
Ibn Saud did not, however, immediately make war against Ibn Rashid, despite a steady supply of weapons and cash (£5,000 Sterling per month) from the British. He argued that the payment he received was insufficient to adequately wage war against an enemy as powerful as Ibn Rashid . In 1920, however, Ibn Saud finally marched again against the Rashidis, extinguishing their dominion in 1922. The defeat of the Rashidis doubled the territory of the Ibn Saud, and he was able to negotiate a new treaty with the British at Uqair in 1922, in which Britain recognized many of his territorial gains while in exchange Ibn Saud agreed not to attempt to expand his state's borders into British protectorates on the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. British subsidies continued until 1924.
In 1925 the Sauds captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein bin Ali , ending 700 years of Hashemite tutelage of the Islamic holy places. On 10 January 1926 , Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the Hejaz in the Great Mosque at Mecca . On May 20 , 1927 , following the defeat of Hussein, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah , which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Najd, covering much of what is today Saudi Arabia, with the Al Saud as its rulers. At this point, Ibn Saud changed his title from Sultan of Nejd to King of Nejd. Initially the two parts of his dominion (Nejd in the east and Hejaz in the west) were administered separately.
From 1927 to 1932 Ibn Saud continued to consolidate power throughout the Arabian Peninsula . In March 1929 he defeated elements of the Ikhwan , which had disobeyed his orders to cease raiding and had invaded Iraq against his wishes, at the Battle of Sbilla . In 1932, having conquered most of the Peninsula, Ibn Saud renamed his dominions "Saudi Arabia" and proclaimed himself "King of Saudi Arabia
Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud
Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and Ibn Saud, through his adviser St. John Philby , granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies .
Saud forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He also began to fight crime in Saudi Arabia, particularly crimes against pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina
Foreign wars
Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II , but was generally considered to favor the Allies .
In 1948 Saud participated in the Arab-Israeli war . The contribution of Saudi Arabia was generally considered token
Family and succession
Succession to Saudi Arabia 's throne has been a process that has, to a large extent, excluded all but the senior members of the Al Saud . Male progeny, with tenure in senior government positions, whose mothers were King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud 's wives and from prominent peninsula based families and tribes, and who have shown both the willingness and ability to build the necessary consensus from other wings in the family are, in theory, the most eligible candidates. Al Saud are considered to be the richest family in the world.
Ibn Saud converses with then-American President Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) through translator Colonel Bill Eddy on board the USS Quincy after the Yalta Conference
The number of children that Ibn Saud fathered are unknown, and estimates range from about 80 to over 100. One source indicates that he had 37 sons by 16 wives.
His number of wives is put at 22
though never more than three or four simultaneously. They include: (names of Kings in bold)By Wadha bint Muhammad al-Hazzam Turki (I) (1900-1919)
Saud ( January 12 , 1902 - February 23 , 1969); reigned 1953-1964
Nura
Munira
By Tarfah bint Abdullah al-Shaikh Abdul-Wahab Khaled (I) (born 1903, died in infancy)
Faisal (April 1904 - March 25 , 1975); reigned 1964-1975
Saad (I) (1914 - 1919)
Anud (born 1917)
By Lulua bint Salih al-Dakhil Fahd (I) (1905-1919)
By Jauhara bint Musa'd Al Saud Muhammad (1910-1988)
Khaled (II) (1913 - June 13 , 1982); reigned 1975-1982
By Lajah bint Khalid bin Hithlayn Sara (1916 - June 2000)
By Bazza (the first wife named Bazza) Nasser (1919 - 1984)
By Jawhara bint Sa'ad bin Abd al-Muhsin al-Sudairi Saad (II) (1920 - 1993)
Musa'id (born 1923)
Abdul Mohsin (1925-1985)
Al-Bandari bint Abdulaziz (1928 - 2008 )
By Hassa bint Ahmad al-Sudairi
These are known as the " Sudairi Seven ") Fahd (II) (1921 - August 1 , 2005); reigned 1982-2005
Sultan (born 1926); current crown prince
Luluwah bint Abdulaziz (ca 1928 - 2008)
Abd al-Rahman (born 1931)
Naif (born 1933)
Turki (II) (born 1934)
Salman (born 1936)
Ahmed (born 1942)
Jawaher
Lateefa
Al-Jawhara
Moudhi (died young)
Felwa ( died young)
By Shahida Mansur (1922 - May 2 , 1951)
Mishaal (born 1926)
Qumasha (born 1927)
Mutaib (born 1931)
By Fahda bint Asi al-Shuraim Abdullah (born August 1924); current king, since 2005
Nuf
Sita
By Bazza (the second wife named Bazza) Bandar (born 1923)
Fawwaz (1934-2008)
Mishari (1932 - May 23 , 2000)
By Haya bint Sa'ad al-Sudairy (1913 - April 18 , 2003) Badr (I) (1931-1932)
Badr (II) (born 1933)
Huzza (1951-July 2000)
Abdalillah (born 1935)
Abdul Majeed (1943-2007)
Nura (born 1930)
Mishail
Zubri
By Munaiyir Talal (I) (1930-1931)
Talal (II) (born 1932)
Nawwaf (born 1933)
Madawi
By Mudhi Majeed (I) (1934-1940)
Sultana bint Abdulaziz (ca. 1928 - 2008)
Majed (II) ( October 19 , 1938 - April 12 , 2003)
Sattam (born January 21 , 1941)
Haya
By Nouf bint al-Shalan Thamir (1937 - June 27 , 1959)
Mamduh (born 1941)
Mashhur (born 1942)
By Saida al-Yamaniyah Hidhlul (born 1941)
By Khadra
By Baraka al-Yamaniyah Muqran (born September 15 , 1945)
By Futayma Hamad (1947-1994)
By ?? Shaikha (born 1922)
Jiluwi (I)(1942-1944)
Jiluwi (II) (1952-1952) Was the youngest son of Ibn Saud but died as an infant.
All of these carry the surname "bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for men and "bint Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for women. Ibn Saud is the father of all the Kings of Saudi Arabia that have succeeded him. King Saud succeeded his father as regent of Saudi Arabia in 1953, three months after being appointed Prime Minister by his father. In 1964 King Saud was deposed by the Saudi Council of Ministers and succeeded by King Faisal , another of Ibn Saud's sons. Faisal was followed by three further sons, King Khalid , King Fahd and King Abdullah . According to the Saudi Basic Law of 1992, the King of Saudi Arabia must be a son or grandson of Ibn Saud.
References
Notes
^ The birthdate of Abdul Aziz has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. A primary reason stated in Robert Lacey's book "The Kingdom", which gives a clear statement on the reasons why 1876 is more reasonable, is that a leading Saudi historian found records that show Abdul Aziz in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a nine or ten-year-old child (as given by the 1880 bithdate) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 14 or 15 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. The major reason, though, is that when Lacey interviewed one of ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birthdate to be 1880. ibn Saud's response to such records was that "I swallowed four years of my life." ^ Current Biography 1943 , pp330-34 ^ ibn Saud , meaning son of Saud or descendant of Saud , is a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a Scottish clan chief's title of " the MacGregor" or " the MacDougall". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdul Aziz. (See Robert Lacey, The Kingdom (NY, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), p. 15). Al Saud , with a similar meaning ( family of Saud ) may be used at the end of the full name, while ibn Saud should sometimes be used alone. ^ a b A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. World War II and Its Aftermath ^ BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | Profile: Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah ^ http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/t...5.php?CID=2526 ^ " Princess Al-Bandari passes away in Riyadh ". Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C. . 2008-03-08. http://www.saudiembassy.net/2008News...sp?cIndex=7725 . Retrieved on 2008-04-07. ^ "Princess Luluwah bint Abdulaziz passed away" . http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=591029 . Retrieved on 2008.
^ "Death of Princess Sultanah" . http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=571861 . Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and Ibn Saud, through his adviser St. John Philby , granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies .
Saud forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He also began to fight crime in Saudi Arabia, particularly crimes against pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina
Foreign wars
Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II , but was generally considered to favor the Allies .
In 1948 Saud participated in the Arab-Israeli war . The contribution of Saudi Arabia was generally considered token
Family and succession
Succession to Saudi Arabia 's throne has been a process that has, to a large extent, excluded all but the senior members of the Al Saud . Male progeny, with tenure in senior government positions, whose mothers were King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud 's wives and from prominent peninsula based families and tribes, and who have shown both the willingness and ability to build the necessary consensus from other wings in the family are, in theory, the most eligible candidates. Al Saud are considered to be the richest family in the world.
Ibn Saud converses with then-American President Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) through translator Colonel Bill Eddy on board the USS Quincy after the Yalta Conference
The number of children that Ibn Saud fathered are unknown, and estimates range from about 80 to over 100. One source indicates that he had 37 sons by 16 wives.
His number of wives is put at 22
though never more than three or four simultaneously. They include: (names of Kings in bold)
These are known as the " Sudairi Seven ")
All of these carry the surname "bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for men and "bint Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for women. Ibn Saud is the father of all the Kings of Saudi Arabia that have succeeded him. King Saud succeeded his father as regent of Saudi Arabia in 1953, three months after being appointed Prime Minister by his father. In 1964 King Saud was deposed by the Saudi Council of Ministers and succeeded by King Faisal , another of Ibn Saud's sons. Faisal was followed by three further sons, King Khalid , King Fahd and King Abdullah . According to the Saudi Basic Law of 1992, the King of Saudi Arabia must be a son or grandson of Ibn Saud.
References
- King Abdulaziz bin Saud (Ibn Saud) website
- Michael Oren, "Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present" (Norton, 2007).
- DeGaury, Gerald.
- DeNovo, John A. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900-1939 University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
- Eddy, William A. FDR Meets Ibn Saud . New York: American Friends of the Middle East, Inc., 1954.
- Iqbal, Dr. Sheikh Mohammad. Emergence of Saudi Arabia (A Political Study of Malik Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 1901-1953). Srinagar, Kashmir: Saudiyah Publishers, 1977.
- Lacey, Robert. "The Kingdom", 1981
- Long, David. Saudi Arabia Sage Publications, 1976.
- Aaron David Miller; Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939-1949 University of North Carolina Press. 1980.
- James Parry, A Man for our Century , Saudi Aramco World, January/February 1999, p4-11
- Philby, H. St. J. B. Saudi Arabia 1955.
- Rentz, George. "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed., The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics 1972.
- Rihani, Ameen . Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia . Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1928.
- Sanger, Richard H. The Arabian Peninsula Cornell University Press, 1954.
- Benjamin Shwadran, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, 3rd ed. (1973)
- Troeller, Gary. The Birth of Saudi Arabia:Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud . London: Frank Cass, 1976.
- Twitchell, Karl S. Saudi Arabia Princeton University Press, 1958.
- Van der D. Meulen; The Wells of Ibn Saud . London: John Murray, 1957.
- SAMIRAD website - Saudi Arabia Market Information and Directory directory category
Notes
تسلمين ياقلبي ما قصرتِ
الله يسعدك و يوفقك في الدنيا و الآخرة و يحقق مناك و يثيبك بجناته
وفيتِ وكفيتِ
الله يسعدك و يوفقك في الدنيا و الآخرة و يحقق مناك و يثيبك بجناته
وفيتِ وكفيتِ
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