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التعليقات (3)
Communication
Communication allows people to exchange thoughts by one of several methods. There are auditory means, such as speaking or singing, and physical means, such as sign language, touch, or eye contact.
As developed below, communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for all beings, and some machines. Many or all, fields of study dedicate some attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what kind of communication are we speaking about, mainly: what type of things are communicated, between what agents, and with what kind of results.
Purposes of Communication
Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between or among individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior. As a process, communication has synonyms such as expressing feelings, conversing, speaking, corresponding, writing, listening and exchanging. It's funny how we know so much about communication, but we rarely give it a second thought. We should create a whole day for communication. People communicate to satisfy needs in both their work and non-work lives. People want to be heard, to be appreciated and to be wanted. They also want to accomplish tasks and to achieve goals. Obviously, then, a major purpose of communication is to help people feel good about themselves and about their friends, groups, and organizations. For true communication, there must be a transmission of thoughts, ideas and feelings from one mind to another.
Communication as Information
Communication can be seen as processes of the transmission of information governed by three levels of semiotic rules: Syntactic, pragmatic and semantic. Therefore, communication is a kind of social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. In a simplistic model, information is sent from a sender or encoder to a receiver or decoder. In a slightly more complex form feedback links a sender to a receiver. This requires that a symbolic activity, sometimes via a language. Communication development is the development of processes enabling one to understand what others say(or sign, or write) and speak(or sign, or write), translate sounds and symbols into meaning and learn the syntax of the language. Communication is often formed around the principles of respect, promises and the want for social improvement. Specialised fields focus on various aspects of communication and include the following:
Non-verbal communication, the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions or information without the use of words;
Symbolic communication, the exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of events
Animal communication, the discipline of animal behavior that focuses on the reception and use of signals
Since the beginning of time, the need to communicate emerges from a set of universal questions: Who am I? Who needs to know? Why do they need to know? How will they find out? How do I want them to respond? Individuals, communities, and organizations express their individuality through their identity. On the continuum from the cave paintings at Lascaux to digital messages transmitted via satellite, humanity continues to create an infinite sensory palette of visual and verbal expression.
Mass communication
Development communication
Communication studies
Interpersonal Communication
Organizational communication
Sociolinguistics
Conversation analysis
Cognitive linguistics
Linguistics
Pragmatics
Semiotics
Discourse analysis
audiology
speech therapy
forensics (debate) and courtroom communication
Communication as a named and unified discipline has a history of contestation that goes back to the Socratic dialogues, in many ways making it the first and most contestatory of all early sciences and philosophies. Seeking to define "communication" as a static word or unified discipline may not be as important as understanding communication as a family of resemblances with a plurality of definitions as Ludwig Wittgenstein had put forth. Some definitions are broad, recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction.
Nonetheless, communication is usually described along three major dimensions:
Content
Form
Destination
With the presence of "communication noise" these three components of communication often become skewed and inaccurate. Between parties, communication content include acts that declare knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, including gestures (nonverbal communication, sign language and body language), writing, and speech. The form depends on the symbol systems used. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person (in interpersonal communication), or another entity (such as a corporation or group).
A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. A speech act typically follows a variation of logical means of delivery. The most common of these, and perhaps the best, is the dialogue. The dialogue is a form of communication where both the parties are involved in sending information. There are many other forms of communication but the reason the dialogue is good is because the dialogue lends itself to clearer communication due to feedback. (Feedback being encoded information, either verbal or nonverbal, sent back to the original sender (now the receiver) and then decoded.)
There are many theories of communication, and a commonly held assumption is that communication must be directed towards another person or entity. This essentially ignores intra personal communication (note intra-, not inter-) via diaries or self-talk.
There are many different areas of communication.A few are: nonverbal communication, verbal communication, and symbolic communication. Nonverbal communication deals with facial expressions and body motions. Much of the “emotional meaning” we take from other people is found in the person’s facial expressions and tone of voice, comparatively little is taken from what the person actually says (More Than Talk). Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Verbal communication is when we communicate our message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. Symbolic communications are the things that we have given meaning to and that represent a certain idea we have in place, for example, the American flag is a symbol that represent freedom for the Americans themselves, or imperialism and evil for some other countries
Language
A language is a system of signals, such as voice sounds, intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. If a language is about communicating with signals, voice, sounds, gestures, or written symbols, can animal communications be considered as a language? Animals do not have a written form of a language, but use a language to communicate with each other. In that sense, an animal communication can be considered as a separated language.
Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages.
Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions. Tell the world, learn a language.
There is no defined line between a language and a dialect, but Max Weinreich is credited as saying that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
Humans and computer programs have also constructed other languages, including constructed languages such as Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, Klingon, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms. These languages are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.
موفقة
Communication allows people to exchange thoughts by one of several methods. There are auditory means, such as speaking or singing, and physical means, such as sign language, touch, or eye contact.
As developed below, communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for all beings, and some machines. Many or all, fields of study dedicate some attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what kind of communication are we speaking about, mainly: what type of things are communicated, between what agents, and with what kind of results.
Purposes of Communication
Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between or among individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior. As a process, communication has synonyms such as expressing feelings, conversing, speaking, corresponding, writing, listening and exchanging. It's funny how we know so much about communication, but we rarely give it a second thought. We should create a whole day for communication. People communicate to satisfy needs in both their work and non-work lives. People want to be heard, to be appreciated and to be wanted. They also want to accomplish tasks and to achieve goals. Obviously, then, a major purpose of communication is to help people feel good about themselves and about their friends, groups, and organizations. For true communication, there must be a transmission of thoughts, ideas and feelings from one mind to another.
Communication as Information
Communication can be seen as processes of the transmission of information governed by three levels of semiotic rules: Syntactic, pragmatic and semantic. Therefore, communication is a kind of social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. In a simplistic model, information is sent from a sender or encoder to a receiver or decoder. In a slightly more complex form feedback links a sender to a receiver. This requires that a symbolic activity, sometimes via a language. Communication development is the development of processes enabling one to understand what others say(or sign, or write) and speak(or sign, or write), translate sounds and symbols into meaning and learn the syntax of the language. Communication is often formed around the principles of respect, promises and the want for social improvement. Specialised fields focus on various aspects of communication and include the following:
Non-verbal communication, the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions or information without the use of words;
Symbolic communication, the exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of events
Animal communication, the discipline of animal behavior that focuses on the reception and use of signals
Since the beginning of time, the need to communicate emerges from a set of universal questions: Who am I? Who needs to know? Why do they need to know? How will they find out? How do I want them to respond? Individuals, communities, and organizations express their individuality through their identity. On the continuum from the cave paintings at Lascaux to digital messages transmitted via satellite, humanity continues to create an infinite sensory palette of visual and verbal expression.
Mass communication
Development communication
Communication studies
Interpersonal Communication
Organizational communication
Sociolinguistics
Conversation analysis
Cognitive linguistics
Linguistics
Pragmatics
Semiotics
Discourse analysis
audiology
speech therapy
forensics (debate) and courtroom communication
Communication as a named and unified discipline has a history of contestation that goes back to the Socratic dialogues, in many ways making it the first and most contestatory of all early sciences and philosophies. Seeking to define "communication" as a static word or unified discipline may not be as important as understanding communication as a family of resemblances with a plurality of definitions as Ludwig Wittgenstein had put forth. Some definitions are broad, recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction.
Nonetheless, communication is usually described along three major dimensions:
Content
Form
Destination
With the presence of "communication noise" these three components of communication often become skewed and inaccurate. Between parties, communication content include acts that declare knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, including gestures (nonverbal communication, sign language and body language), writing, and speech. The form depends on the symbol systems used. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person (in interpersonal communication), or another entity (such as a corporation or group).
A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. A speech act typically follows a variation of logical means of delivery. The most common of these, and perhaps the best, is the dialogue. The dialogue is a form of communication where both the parties are involved in sending information. There are many other forms of communication but the reason the dialogue is good is because the dialogue lends itself to clearer communication due to feedback. (Feedback being encoded information, either verbal or nonverbal, sent back to the original sender (now the receiver) and then decoded.)
There are many theories of communication, and a commonly held assumption is that communication must be directed towards another person or entity. This essentially ignores intra personal communication (note intra-, not inter-) via diaries or self-talk.
There are many different areas of communication.A few are: nonverbal communication, verbal communication, and symbolic communication. Nonverbal communication deals with facial expressions and body motions. Much of the “emotional meaning” we take from other people is found in the person’s facial expressions and tone of voice, comparatively little is taken from what the person actually says (More Than Talk). Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Verbal communication is when we communicate our message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. Symbolic communications are the things that we have given meaning to and that represent a certain idea we have in place, for example, the American flag is a symbol that represent freedom for the Americans themselves, or imperialism and evil for some other countries
Language
A language is a system of signals, such as voice sounds, intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. If a language is about communicating with signals, voice, sounds, gestures, or written symbols, can animal communications be considered as a language? Animals do not have a written form of a language, but use a language to communicate with each other. In that sense, an animal communication can be considered as a separated language.
Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages.
Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions. Tell the world, learn a language.
There is no defined line between a language and a dialect, but Max Weinreich is credited as saying that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
Humans and computer programs have also constructed other languages, including constructed languages such as Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, Klingon, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms. These languages are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.
موفقة
مشرفتنا الغاليه سفيرة الغد الله يسعدك يارب ويعطيكي الف عافيه على مساعدتك لي
تقبلي خالص ودي وتقديري لكِ
تقبلي خالص ودي وتقديري لكِ
اللي حابه تتعلم اللغه الهنديه دش→
An Oil is any substance that is in a viscous liquid state ("oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally "fat loving"). This general definition includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated chemical structures, properties, and uses, including vegetable oils, petrochemical oils, and volatile essential oils.
Biological
Vegetable oil, non-volatile oils extracted from plants, usually the seeds
Essential oil, volatile aromatic oils extracted from plants
Synthetic
Synthetic oil, manufactured from smaller molecules using chemical processes
Mineral
Crude oil, petroleum, and many petroleum derivatives such as fuel oils.
Food oils
Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in boiling oil, which is much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavouring and for modifying the texture of foods.
Health advantages are claimed for a number of specific oils such as omega 3 fish oils, evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, etc.
Trans fats, often produced by hydrogenating vegetable oils, are known to be harmful to health.
Oil as fuel
Oils contain a large amount of stored energy, which can be converted by burning into other forms of energy. Oils are used for heating, lighting (e.g. kerosene lamp) and powering combustion engines. Oils used for this purpose are usually derived from petroleum (fuel oil, diesel oil, gasoil, etc. Renewable biological sources of energy, some of which are oils, are being evaluated as an alternative to petroleum products due to concerns about global warming and cost!
Lubrication
Due to their non-polarity, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more suitable than biological oils, which degrade rapidly in most environmental conditions.
Manufacture of petrochemicals
Crude oil can be processed into plastics and other substances. See Petrochemistry.
Heat transport
Many oils have higher boiling points than water and are electrical insulators, making them useful for liquid cooling systems, especially where electricity is used.
Painting
Color pigments can be easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as supporting medium for paints. The slow drying process and miscibility of oil facilitates a realistic style. This method has been used since the 15th century.
Religion
Oils have been used throughout history as a fragrant or religious medium. Oil is often seen as a spiritually purifying agent