موضوع عن فلسطين

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Q&A: Palestinian crisis
The Palestinian territories are experiencing some of their tensest moments for decades, as inter-factional rivalries spill out into the most serious street fighting yet. The BBC News website's Martin Asser explains why the pressures have reached such a dangerous point.
What has led to the sharp rise in tension?
Rival Palestinian factions Fatah and Hamas have been trying to agree a unity government that would solve a crisis sparked by Hamas's victory in January elections and an international boycott that followed it.
Talks have been difficult and recently hit an apparently irreparable deadlock. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, of Fatah, has now called fresh elections.
For many months now, law and order has been deteriorating in the Palestinian territories, which are also in the grip of an economic crisis, exacerbated by Israel's military operations and the international boycott.
With no salvation in sight, violence took a nasty turn in Gaza in the middle of December, with the killing of three sons of a Fatah security chief and an apparent attempt on the life of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya, of Hamas.
Amid specific accusations of responsibility, both sides have distanced themselves from attacks on their opponents.
But inter-factional fighting is spilling into the streets of Gaza and the West Bank, and threatens to spiral out of control.
What are the two parties' positions?
Fatah spearheaded the so-called Oslo peace process with Israel - talks which ultmately failed. Fatah leaders remain convinced that ending anti-Israel attacks is the key to forcing Israel into negotiations, leading to independent Palestinian statehood.
Hamas refuses to recognise Israel's legitimacy or give up the armed struggle to liberate the whole of pre-1948 Palestine - land which they regard as lost when the state of Israel was established.
The failure of the peace process, and harsh conditions caused by the occupation, handed Hamas victory in parliamentary elections in early 2006.
Most Palestinian voters had lost confidence in Fatah, which had come to be seen as corrupt and incompetent. Loyalist were bitter about losing power for the first time since the emergence of the party in the 1960s.
Why have unity talks failed?
Fatah's and Hamas's world-views are fundamentally at odds.
At the heart of Fatah's philosophy (and the reason for its international acceptance) is its recognition of Israel's right to exist.
At the heart of Hamas's philosophy (and reason for its isolation by the West) is its unwillingness to give up the armed struggle against an entity (Israel) whose legitimacy it does not recognise and which it accuses of riding roughshod over Palestinians rights.
It has become increasing clear that there is no way to fudge these differences - coupled with which, any compromise in which Hamas retains a guiding hand is almost certain to be rejected by Israel and its backers like the US.
What could happen now?
Mr Abbas has called for fresh elections but Hamas says amounts to a coup against the elected government of the Palestinian territories.
And it is still not clear whether it would even be possible to hold them, given the soaring tensions.
Until now, Palestinians have always been able to back away from the brink, when internecine violence threatened to turn their crisis-ridden lives into the unmitigated disaster of civil war.
This is partly because important bonds of family and clan often cross factional lines in Palestinian society. Any family might have a son in Hamas, another in Fatah, and a third in the security forces.
But the pressure may be building up too much for such valves to continue operating.

الأول موضوع سياسي عن فلسطين
وهذا عن الفقر
Hunger and World Poverty
About 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes, according to the United Nations. This is one person every three and a half seconds, as you can see on this display. Unfortunately, it is children who die most often.
Yet there is plenty of food in the world for everyone. The problem is that hungry people are trapped in severe poverty. They lack the money to buy enough food to nourish themselves. Being constantly malnourished, they become weaker and often sick. This makes them increasingly less able to work, which then makes them even poorer and hungrier. This downward spiral often continues until death for them and their families.
There are effective programs to break this spiral. For adults, there are “food for work” programs where the adults are paid with food to build schools, dig wells, make roads, and so on. This both nourishes them and builds infrastructure to end the poverty. For children, there are “food for education” programs where the children are provided with food when they attend school. Their education will help them to escape from hunger and global poverty.

وهذا عن الإيدز
WHAT DOES "AIDS" MEAN?
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome:
Acquired means you can get infected with it;
Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system that fights diseases.
Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease.
AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If you get infected with HIV, your body will try to fight the infection. It will make "antibodies," special molecules to fight HIV.
A blood test for HIV looks for these antibodies. If you have them in your blood, it means that you have HIV infection. People who have the HIV antibodies are called "HIV-Positive." Fact Sheet 102 has more information on HIV testing.
Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not the same as having AIDS. Many people are HIV-positive but don't get sick for many years. As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria that usually don't cause any problems can make you very sick if your immune system is damaged. These are called "opportunistic infections." See Fact Sheet 500 for an overview of opportunistic infections.
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HOW DO YOU GET AIDS?
You don't actually "get" AIDS. You might get infected with HIV, and later you might develop AIDS. You can get infected with HIV from anyone who's infected, even if they don't look sick and even if they haven't tested HIV-positive yet. The blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of people infected with HIV has enough of the virus in it to infect other people. Most people get the HIV virus by:
having *** with an infected person
sharing a needle (shooting drugs) with someone who's infected
being born when their mother is infected, or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman
Getting a transfusion of infected blood used to be a way people got AIDS, but now the blood supply is screened very carefully and the risk is extremely low.
There are no documented cases of HIV being transmitted by tears or saliva, but it is possible to be infected with HIV through oral *** or in rare cases through deep kissing, especially if you have open sores in your mouth or bleeding gums. For more information, see the following Fact Sheets:
150: Stopping the Spread of HIV
151: Safer *** Guidelines
152: How Risky Is It?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1 to 1.2 million U.S. residents are living with HIV infection or AIDS; about a quarter of them do not know they have it. About 75 percent of the 40,000 new infections each year are in men, and about 25 percent in women. About half of the new infections are in Blacks, even though they make up only 12 percent of the US population.
In the mid-1990s, AIDS was a leading cause of death. However, newer treatments have cut the AIDS death rate significantly---------
WHAT HAPPENS IF I'M HIV POSITIVE?
You might not know if you get infected by HIV. Some people get fever, headache, sore muscles and joints, stomach ache, swollen lymph glands, or a skin rash for one or two weeks. Most people think it's the flu. Some people have no symptoms. Fact Sheet 103 has more information on the early stage of HIV infection.
The virus will multiply in your body for a few weeks or even months before your immune system responds. During this time, you won't test positive for HIV, but you can infect other people.
When your immune system responds, it starts to make antibodies. When this happens, you will test positive for HIV.
After the first flu-like symptoms, some people with HIV stay healthy for ten years or longer. But during this time, HIV is damaging your immune system.
One way to measure the damage to your immune system is to count your CD4 cells you have. These cells, also called "T-helper" cells, are an important part of the immune system. Healthy people have between 500 and 1,500 CD4 cells in a milliliter of blood. Fact Sheet 124 has has more information on CD4 cells.
Without treatment, your CD4 cell count will most likely go down. You might start having signs of HIV disease like fevers, night sweats, diarrhea, or swollen lymph nodes. If you have HIV disease, these problems will last more than a few days, and probably continue for several weeks.
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HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE AIDS?
HIV disease becomes AIDS when your immune system is seriously damaged. If you have less than 200 CD4 cells or if your CD4 percentage is less than 14%, you have AIDS. See Fact Sheet 124 for more information on CD4 cells. If you get an opportunistic infection, you have AIDS. There is an "official" list of these opportunistic infections put out by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The most common ones are:
PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia), a lung infection;
KS (Kaposi's sarcoma), a skin cancer;
CMV (Cytomegalovirus), an infection that usually affects the eyes
Candida, a fungal infection that can cause thrush (a white film in your mouth) or infections in your throat or vagina
AIDS-related diseases also includes serious weight loss, brain tumors, and other health problems. Without treatment, these opportunistic infections can kill you.
AIDS is different in every infected person. Some people die a few months after getting infected, while others live fairly normal lives for many years, even after they "officially" have AIDS. A few HIV-positive people stay healthy for many years even without taking antiretroviral medications (ARVs).
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IS THERE A CURE FOR AIDS?
There is no cure for AIDS. There are drugs that can slow down the HIV virus, and slow down the damage to your immune system. There is no way to "clear" the HIV out of your body.
Other drugs can prevent or treat opportunistic infections (OIs). In most cases, these drugs work very well. The newer, stronger ARVs have also helped reduce the rates of most OIs. A few OIs, however, are still very difficult to treat. See Fact Sheet 500 for more information on opportunistic infections.
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